There’s a clear nationwide pattern of federal courts disposing of COVID-19 enterprise interruption fits.[1] Insureds aren’t clearing their preliminary burden to determine direct bodily loss or injury to property, or they’re operating afoul of virus and contamination exclusions. Comparatively few state supreme courts, nonetheless, have weighed in to resolve the difficulty, thereby offering steering to their very own decrease courts and federal courts that should comply with state regulation.[2] Insurers and insureds alike have been watching to see which approach the Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom would maintain. In Cherokee Nation v. Lexington Ins. Co., 2022 OK 71, the Courtroom joined the nationwide mainstream and dominated in opposition to the insured.
Companies affiliated with the Cherokee Nation introduced a declaratory judgment in opposition to their insurers to get better financial losses they sustained in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Their coverage, which was a specialty product tailor-made to tribes, contained the next protection grant:
- COVERAGE
- BUSINESS INTERRUPTION
Towards loss ensuing from interruption of enterprise, providers or rental worth attributable to direct bodily loss or injury, as lined by this Coverage to actual and/or private property insured by this Coverage, occurring in the course of the time period of this Coverage.
The insurers argued that the coverage didn’t present protection for the insured’s losses as a result of it didn’t maintain “direct bodily loss or injury” to its properties. The insurers contended that the enterprise interruption protection solely applies when there’s a interval of restoration throughout which broken property is repaired or changed.
The trial court docket decided that the phrase “attributable to direct bodily loss or injury… to actual and/or private property” included losses incurred by intangible hurt that rendered the insured’s properties unusable for his or her supposed functions. The trial court docket granted the insured’s movement for partial abstract judgment, discovering protection underneath the enterprise interruption provision. The trial court docket additionally concluded that the coverage’s exclusions didn’t apply to pandemics or concern of viruses.[3] The insurers appealed and the Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom retained the attraction. In Oklahoma, a celebration can attraction a trial court docket determination on to the Supreme Courtroom, which decides whether or not to assign the attraction to the Courtroom of Civil Appeals or to retain it.
The Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom relied on a latest Oklahoma federal case analyzing COVID-19 enterprise interruption claims, Govinda, LLC v. Columbia Mut. Ins. Co., 545 F. Supp. 3d 1167 (W.D. Okla. 2021). Govinda undertook a prolonged survey of pre-pandemic Oklahoma regulation in addition to pandemic-era federal case regulation from different jurisdictions. Govinda held in favor of the insurer. The Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom held in daring font that the phrase “direct bodily loss or injury… to actual and/or private property” requires “instant and precise, materials, or tangible deprivation or destruction of property.”
The Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom emphasised that the insured’s coverage lined property. The Courtroom additionally examined dictionary definitions for every a part of the protection grant. The Courtroom opined that “injury” is a lesser hurt than “loss,” however each loss and injury to property should be “bodily” which suggests materials or tangible. Citing federal case regulation from Oklahoma and Texas, the Courtroom opined that intangible losses are precluded when they’re unaccompanied by distinct, demonstrable, bodily injury to property. To seek out in any other case, the Courtroom concluded, can be to render the phrase “bodily” within the coverage meaningless. The Courtroom additionally noticed that the coverage’s “interval of restoration” provision supported the conclusion that “direct bodily loss or injury” requires the bodily act of rebuilding or changing property. Notably, the Courtroom emphatically rejected the insured’s arguments that varied COVID-19 protocols and modifications to property constituted bodily loss or injury. The Courtroom rejected a laundry listing of alleged bodily loss or injury:
- Putting in acrylic obstacles;
- Putting in sanitation stations;
- Staggering seating and gaming machines; and
- Changing air filters.
The insured’s admission that it took pre-emptive motion additionally undercut its claims within the Courtroom’s view.
Three justices dissented, however cited no case regulation. They indicated that the coverage might have been ambiguous.
Cherokee Nation is a mainstream opinion. The Courtroom acknowledged:
The district court docket’s enlargement of enterprise interruption protection ignores the plain, unambiguous language of the Coverage and the choices from almost all circuit courts of appeals, many federal district courts, and state courts which have dominated that enterprise interruption protection requires precise, tangible loss or injury to property, not simply lack of use.[4]
As a result of Cherokee Nation cites Texas case regulation and Oklahoma is Texas’ neighbor, Cherokee Nation could also be influential on Texas state appellate courts inspecting these points.
[1] See, e.g., Dickie Brennan v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 21185 (fifth Cir. Aug. 1, 2022); Brown Jug, Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 27 F. 4th 398 (sixth Cir. Feb. 23, 2022); Paradigm Care & Enrichment Ctr., LLC v. W. Bend Mut. Ins. Co., 33 F 4th 417 (seventh Cir. Might 3, 2022); Oral Surgeons, P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2 F 4th 1141 (eighth Cir. July 2, 2022).
[2] See, e.g., Wakonda Membership v. Selective Ins. Co. of Am., 973 N.W.2nd 545 (Iowa April 22, 2022) (siding with insurer); Sullivan Mgmt. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 2022 S.C. 90 (Aug. 10, 2022) (identical).
[3] Whereas the Oklahoma Supreme Courtroom didn’t attain the difficulty of the insurers’ exclusions given its holding that the insuring settlement offered no protection for the insured’s declare, the Courtroom appeared to point that the virus exclusion seemingly utilized in commenting that the district court docket failed to acknowledge “widespread language utilized by carriers to obviously exclude such losses.”
[4] Certainly, the Courtroom’s opinion features a footnote that’s two pages lengthy, Footnote 13, cataloging opinions which have held “direct bodily loss or injury” shouldn’t be ambiguous and the phrase requires bodily loss, not simply mere lack of use.
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