The ESP32-S3 microcontroller doesn’t have a digital to analog converter onboard. atomic14.com makes use of a Pulse Density Modulated audio sign utilizing Sigma Delta Modulation and recovers the audio sign utilizing an RC low cross filter.
The instance code from Espressif suggests utilizing a timer to output every pattern utilizing the sigmadelta_set_duty (you could possibly additionally simply use plain outdated PWM as properly). This does work for audio information, and I’ve received some easy pattern code that can do it, nevertheless it’s not very environment friendly – we’re continually interrupted by a timer to ship out the following pattern. There’s additionally numerous code required if you wish to stream samples out from another supply.
A a lot better manner is to make use of the I2S peripheral which may additionally output PDM information.
This all works surprisingly properly, you’ll be able to drive headphones straight from the PDM sign and most analog amplifiers will take the mixed stereo PDM sign and may have a low sufficient bandwidth that they’ll simply work.
You’ll be able to even simply drive a speaker with a very easy half or full bridge and get affordable audio out (although it might be fairly noisy).
See the total technique with circuit diagrams within the publish right here.
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